An unhealthy diet is a recognized risk factor in the pathophysiology of numerous chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD), including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This is, at least in part, due to unhealthy diets causing chronic low-grade inflammation in the gut and systemically. Diet is an important predictor of circulating levels of inflammatory markers. Diets rich in pro-inflammatory constituents such as saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans fatty acids have consistently been associated with proliferation and oxidative stress that can promote inflammation. By contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and fiber have been shown to attenuate the inflammatory cascade. To characterize the inflammatory potential of diet, researchers developed the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®).The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a novel scoring algorithm that provides an estimate of the inflammatory potential of the overall diet based on the inflammatory properties of dietary constituents Following this development, around 500 papers have been published, which examined the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™), and many chronic NCDs including obesity and cardiometabolic diseases.
Relationship between unhealthy diet and risk of chronic diseases
An unhealthy diet is a recognized risk factor in the pathophysiology of numerous chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD), including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This is, at least in part, due to unhealthy diets causing chronic low-grade inflammation in the gut and systemically. To characterize the inflammatory potential of diet, researchers developed the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®). Following this development, around 500 papers have been published, which examined the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™), and the children's DII (C-DII™) and many chronic NCDs including obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. Most studies found that the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was associated with an increased risk of obesity, T2DM, and CVD with some relationships being sex-specific.
Obesity is a major public health concern, affecting more than half a billion people in the world. Overweight and obesity are characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation that results in the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, an abundance of adipose mass can result in the secretion of inflammatory adipokines.
Diet is an important predictor of circulating levels of inflammatory markers
Diet is an important predictor of circulating levels of inflammatory markers. Diets rich in pro-inflammatory constituents such as saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans fatty acids have consistently been associated with proliferation and oxidative stress that can promote inflammation. By contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and fiber have been shown to attenuate the inflammatory cascade. Recently, a survey on the inflammatory potential of diet and its influence on obesity and chronic diseases has received special attention.
The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a novel scoring algorithm that provides an estimate of the inflammatory potential of the overall diet based on the inflammatory properties of dietary constituents. Food pattern analysis is a way to investigate the relationship between diet and risk of chronic diseases. Currently, few studies have studied the association between dietary patterns and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). Dietary patterns with more protein, specifically animal protein may also aggravate glucose metabolism, leading to the development of Insulin resistance (IR). Moreover, a body of evidence shows that certain dietary patterns have also been associated with the markers of inflammation. A cross-sectional study of the Hispanic elderly living in Massachusetts reported lower concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of sub-clinical inflammation, with higher fruit and vegetable consumption.
Inflammation is considered a key mechanism leading to obesity. Dietary patterns and certain food items influence inflammation. Few studies have investigated the contribution of major dietary patterns to biological measures of inflammation.
The results suggested that the Western dietary pattern was related to higher body mass index (BMI) and fat mass. In addition. Adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was inversely related to the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII).
Karimi, H.
Master of clinical Nutrition & Dietetics
Reference
-Hariharan R, et al. The dietary inflammatory index, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. Obesity Reviews.2022.
